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5 Great CSS Techniques To Improve Your Website

CSS or Cascading Style Sheets is normally used to separate the style and layout of your HTML files from the actual content. However, few are aware of the added value that CSS can give to your website. Aside from the obvious ones like style standardization, CSS can be utilized to provide other useful stuff not possible with table-based layouts.

Among these benefits are things like:

Much information about these techniques can be found on the web. Below are some example implementations.

Server bandwidth reduction

CSS Optimization can translate to huge savings in server bandwidth, resulting in lower operational costs.

This article compares some of the best CSS optimizers available on the web by using heavy traffic websites like Digg and Slashdot as an example.

Media type formatting

By utilizing the CSS media attribute, you can easily control display for different media types. This is best used when formatting websites for mobile display and creating printer-friendly pages.

Here is a good tutorial that covers CSS development for mobile browsers. For techniques related to print styling, refer to this tutorial, another tutorial, and this article by Eric Meyer.

Menu overlapping

The CSS z-index property specifies the order an element is stacked, similar to how layers are arranged in Adobe Photoshop. It is also relatively easy to understand, and can be quite powerful when used correctly. It can also come in handy when creating overlapping menus. Here is a very good tutorial on how this can be done.

Styling of form elements

In a previous article we linked to Jeff Howden’s CSS-Only, tableless forms article which gives an example of what can be accomplished with CSS form styling.

Then, there’s also The Form Assembly, a CSS Zen Garden clone for showcasing form designs.

E-mail address obfuscation

When displaying an e-mail address on a website you obviously want to obfuscate it to avoid it getting harvested by spammers. There are many ways to accomplish this, and one such method can easily be implemented in CSS. Silvan Mühlemann tested nine methods and published a test page for spambots to harvest. 1.5 years later the results are out and surprisingly, only the CSS methods resulted in absolutely zero spam.

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Text Replacement Roundup: The Pros and Cons of SIFR, Cufon, Typeface.js, and FLIR

Those of you who have explored rich typography solutions for web development should be very familiar with the different techniques floating around the Internet. Until majority of the population uses browsers that support CSS3, and until commercial font licensing issues allow use of the @font-face rule to become a norm, many resort to these font embedding techniques.

The thing with non-standard font embedding techniques is that they mostly rely on JavaScript and sometimes Flash or PHP to render text in whatever custom font is specified. Thus, choosing the right solution for a web project can become tricky. This article aims to compare them by listing the pros and cons of each technique.

Scalable Inman Flash Replacement (sIFR) / sIFR 3

Probably one of the first full-blown text replacement solutions, SIFR uses a combination of JavaScript, CSS, and Flash to render custom fonts.

Pros:

  • Fully accessible to screen readers and assistive technology
  • Partially selectable text (cannot select surrounding elements)
  • jQuery integration
  • Anti-aliasing results in crisp font rendering
  • Flash-based font embedding is generally an allowable practice by most font foundries
  • Easy to add text effects such as shadows in Flash

Cons:

  • Requires Flash
  • CPU and memory intensive
  • Font license restrictions can be difficult to set up (e.g. Flash loading needs to be locked to your domain)
  • Can be tricky to set up
  • Embedded fonts cannot be printed

Cufon

Cufón aims to become a worthy alternative to sIFR, which despite its merits still remains painfully tricky to set up and use.
Pros:

  • Easy to set up
  • Does not require Flash
  • Fastest loading and processing time (according to this presentation)

Cons:

  • Inability to highlight and copy/paste text
  • License issues prevent many fonts from being legally embedded
  • Does not support justified text alignment
  • Hover state for elements other than links might result to unpredictable results
  • Requires extra JavaScript to prevent FOUC on IE7

Typeface.js

Typeface.js is similar to Cufon, using a JavaScript engine to render fonts on a browser using canvas or VML.

Pros:

  • Easy to set up
  • Does not require Flash
  • Fast loading and processing time

Cons:

  • Fonts are only selectable in browsers that support <canvas>
  • Hover state is not supported, but a workaround that requires extra code is available
  • License issues prevent many fonts from being legally embedded
  • Long loading times in IE
  • Only supports TTF (does not support .otf, PFB, and postscript fonts)
  • Requires extra JavaScript to prevent FOUC on IE7
  • Has spacing issues, according to some people

Facelift Image Replacement (FLIR)

Facelift Image Replacement (or FLIR, pronounced fleer) is an image replacement script that uses JavaScript, PHP and the GD library to dynamically generates image representations of text that use custom fonts.
Pros:

  • Does not require Flash or JavaScript
  • Fonts are rendered as an image and does not violate font licensing terms
  • Many text effects available thanks to Imagemagick

Cons:

  • Inability to highlight and copy/paste text
  • Can be painful to set up
  • Requires a web server with PHP and the GD library enabled
  • Finer details of fonts are not rendered very well by the GD library
  • Takes up additional server resources to process (bandwidth and CPU)

The good thing about these techniques is that they all take into account things like accessibility, SEO readiness, and browser support. These are all huge factors in web development today. For Internet Explorer users, IE6 is supported at least, and for non-supported browsers, thankfully every one of them degrades gracefully into your standard HTML rendered text.

In conclusion, every one of these techniques has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. sIFR is the oldest and most “proven method”, however it relies on both Flash and JavaScript thus taking a hit on performance. FLIR uses the old school technique of replacing text with images and even offers text effects. However, it is hardest to set up and requires a web server with PHP and the GD library enabled.

Typeface and Cufon are the most promising beign the easiest to setup. On the other hand they are both plagued with licensing issues and lack of ability to select text, which for many can be a deal breaker. This appears to be changing though, as Type Select builds on top of typface.js and promises text selection functionality. Still, it is a relatively new player and is also plagued by limitations such as lack of support in IE and no support for :hover and line breaks.

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Engaging Readers, Design Your Way to More Blog Comments

You have probably read the studies that claim on average, 1% of online users actually contribute and create content on a given website. The rest are perfectly happy reading your posts, forming their own opinions, and moving on to the next blog with out ever actually leaving any sort of feedback. This makes sense of course, we don’t always have time to leave our thoughts on blogs, or many times it doesn’t even seem worth the effort. After all you have to formalize your thoughts, actually write them out, review, edit, post, and then monitor for responses.

It actually is a lot more involved than we probably realize.

It is also a lot more important to get this type of reader interaction than we probably realize. The amount of interaction generated through a blog is an easy indicator of it’s success. Not only for the blog owner, but also to other readers. Consider looking at two blogs with similar content, one with an average of 10 - 20 responses where the other only has 1 - 3.

I hate to say it, but most people would subscribe to the blog that is generating more interest and response, even if the content was of similar quality.

How Design Can Encourage More Blog Commenting

When people blog about “design” in regards to websites many times they are primarily referring to the asthetic quality of a site. While the aesthetic quality of a site can have a large impact on how many people put in the effort to comment on a blog, I want to approach the situation at a higher level.

Consider that the definition of design is “to assign in thought or intention; purpose.”

Design is not just making pretty visuals, but to craft your site with specific thought, intention and purpose. So the question then becomes, how can we build the site with the intention of encouraging users to leave comments.

Create an Incentive or Reward

The primary reason anyone is going to leave a comment on a blog is they believe that their will be some pay off that is worth their time to formulate their response, edit it, etc… In most cases it is because they have a feeling about the content to the point where they feel the need to get their thoughts off of their chest, or maybe the author is well known enough where the idea of talking with them would be the reward.

However not all blog posts will have content compelling enough, or an author well known enough to create the incentive and reward with those elements alone.

Highlight Your Commenters

Smart marketers have found that the higher that you can appeal on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the better success you will have reaching your audience. By highlighting those who really participate you are appealing to the need of “esteem.”

You could do this by:

  1. Making a post about them every once in a while
  2. Having a top commenters widget
  3. Use gravitars

Give Your Commenters a Bonus

I have seen great response to giving the top commenters some sort of bonus. Widgets that keep track of who has commented the most make this an easy endeavor to track and monitor.

Some of the more common methods could be:

  1. Giving the top commenters a dofollow link
  2. Giving top commenters profile/link on the home page
  3. Giving top commenters a special design when they do comment, do occasional giveaways, etc…
  4. Use the dofollow plugin, so high quality commenters can get some SEO value from contributing.

Use Design and Visuals to Engage Users

While I have talked about “design” in terms of designing an experience or functionality, I haven’t addressed the actual visuals of a design and how it can improve the amount of user interaction.

If you pay enough attention to the design and visuals of your comments, you can catch the attention of users and encourage them to leave a comment.

Make Your Comment Area Eye Catching and Interesting

As a users gets closer to the bottom of an article or post, you can bet that they have either scrolled past or lost focus of most of the visual elements on the page. This presents an excellent opportunity to draw their eye to the comment area by just adding a little bit of flair, tension, or contrast to develop some visual interest.

Want to really get some attention? Consider using custom designed form fields (not too custom as to hinder user experience).

Be Suggestive

Suggest that a user leave a comment where ever you can! At the start of the comments create a link to add a comment. You could even go so far as adding a “reply” button/link at every comment in the list.

Additionally this will make it easy to comment, as users won’t have to hunt for the add comment link.

Highlight the Commenters

People leave comments because they want people to read their opinion (even if it is just the author). Make sure that the users name/link has enough visual emphasis. This will help establish that the commenter will get the recognition that they are seaking.

Again, use Gravitars. Users who have gone so far as creating a gravitar will appreciate being able to show their branding on another blog and are more likely to comment because of it.

Any Experiences or Tips?

These are some of the best methods I have come across, if you have any experiences, tips, or other ideas on how to encourage more users to participate through the design of your blog/website feel free to leave a comment with your thoughts.

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Featured CSS Library: Better Web Readability Project

The Better Web Readability Project aims to promote screen-friendly and more readable fonts. The result is a CSS library that redefines, among others, the standard font size as well as leading (the amount of space between text). Other features of this library are:

  • 16px default main text size
  • Partial 26px baseline grid
  • Serif for Heading, sans-serif for the paragraphs
  • Lower color text contrast
  • Intensified paragraph division (new line + indent)
  • Bigger leading (line-height) 1.625

The original idea came from Vladimir Carrer, who also came up with the library. In his post entitled How we read on web and how can we improve that he reveals that most of us who use computers to read news, blogs, and various sites end up scanning rather than reading. He then compares reading a book to reading on the monitor, and provides three reasons why it is harder to read on a computer screen:

  1. We maintain the book standards (12pt) for font size on the web (12px). But the distance from the monitor is triple. Just put your newspaper to your monitor and try to read. Hell! Is hard!
  2. Additionally the paper reflects the light and monitor emits the light. If you have old “cathode” monitor it’s like looking directly in a light bulb.
  3. You also have distraction noise: strong colors, links, flash animation, banners , not defined site architecture, click here, digg me, follow me on twitter, by my products… it’s fucking jungle out there.

He then comes up with a set of standards and rules that would allow for better and easier on-screen reading, and packages it as a CSS library. The resulting text is beautiful and pleasing to the eyes. One such example can be seen in the screen shot below. You should notice how your eyes would easily glide through the text:

Better Web Readability Project example screenshot

You can head over to the project homepage, or click on the links below to view the library in action:

You can also head over and download the full library here.

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Reader Response: A Simple, Streamlined E-Commerce Solution

Today, dear readers, I come to you with my arms wide open — and my shoulders caught somewhere between a slump and a shrug. I’ve been tearing my hair out over the last couple of months looking for the perfect ecommerce solution for my specific needs and wants. I’ve come up short.

But it occurs to me that I have a lot of smart, savvy readers here on CSS Newbie — and maybe, just maybe, you’ll be able to help me find the perfect shopping cart. Below, I’ll explain specifically what I’m looking for (and a bit about what I’m not looking for, too). If you know of a cart that meets my needs — or even just some of them — please do not hesitate to let me know! I’m hoping that the comments on this article will prove as plentiful as Starbucks on the open prairie. And twice as useful.

I Want a Simple, User-Friendly Cart that Stays Out of My Way.

That about sums it up, really. But for more detail, here’s what I want/need in a cart:

  • A self-hosted solution. If it weren’t for this requirement, I think Foxycart would be my #1 contender. Consider that a hint — if you know of something Foxycart-eque, but is self-hosted instead, please let me know!
  • Supports everything PayPal has to offer. Specifically, I want something that can support Website Payments Pro and the Payflow Pro gateway. This way I can handle payments on my site, but still take advantage of PayPal’s expertise, PCI compliance, and competitive pricing.
  • Flexible, straightforward templating. I am a front-end developer. Any cart solution that tries to stand between me and my code or that makes templating a holy hell isn’t a good solution. I want simple, straightforward flexibility. For example, I’ve been working with Magento a lot recently, and while it has a lot of great features, it’s a huge pain to deviate too far from the standard build. Every small change requires updates in multiple disparate files and hours of time for a five-minute job. My ideal solution would let me build my pages however I wanted, and just drop in the “cart” functionality wherever I cared to do so.
  • Good support of downloadable products. The stores I’m building will have both hard and soft goods, so I need the cart to work equally smoothly with both.
  • Built for LAMP servers. The ideal solution would run on PHP/MySQL, but I would consider other LAMP-friendly options. Sorry, but ASP/.NET solutions aren’t a possibility for me.
  • A single product database. This solution will be running multiple stores, but several of the stores will share some products. In the interest of avoiding redundant data, I’d like to have a single product database that all my stores can draw from.
  • Access to the source. I don’t want to have to wait for a team halfway around the world or a community of volunteer developers to get around to building the functionality I need if I think I could tackle the project myself. If I can’t have access to the source itself, an exceptional plugin system would be a good alternative.
  • A flexible discounting system. I want to be able to offer (as a fake example) 20% off orders of $50 or more on certain products. I want to discount items if people buy two or more of the same product. I want sales that run for three weeks, and expire automatically. Or at least some of those things.

That’s the basics of what I need, folks. That isn’t too much to ask, is it?

To summarize, I’m looking for a simple, straightforward shopping cart that makes templating a breeze, runs on PHP/MySQL, supports PayPal gateways, allows virtual goods and discounts, and is something I can install locally and modify. I do not need a solution that tries to be everything at once — it doesn’t have to contain a CMS, a catalog, or an inventory system. It doesn’t have to provide a newsletter, it needn’t compare items, and it shouldn’t try to walk my dog on Thursdays. I don’t want a jack-of-all-trades: I want a master of one (or two).

I also want to clarify: this does not have to be a free solution. If you know of a commercial option that does all this, I would be very excited to hear about it.

So! Let me know what you know in the comments below. Even if you know of a cart that fulfills some of these needs, I would be excited to hear about it — there’s always the chance I can customize it to do what I need from there.

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Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia … not document such class names here, unless they are actually used in some CSS or …

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Help:Cascading style sheets - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You will give your css tag an existing “class” Please put a list of existing classes here. … CSS) by declaring the content to be of the “noprint” class: …

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Internet Explorer box model bug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

While the box model normally only pertains to CSS design, the issue itself goes beyond it. … of most browsers have implemented the standard box model for CSS. …

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Tableless web design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This box: view • talk • edit … CSS was introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to improve web … the other hand, early CSS had very limited and …

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Cascading Style Sheets - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the … inline styles, inside the HTML document, style information on a single element, …

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